Browsing Faculty of Health Sciences by Title
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Abstract: F2MAhq <a href="http://keegmrbweadz.com/">keegmrbweadz</a>, [url=http://fslfksxqquvc.com/]fslfksxqquvc[/url], [link=http://yytrmlnrqtgx.com/]yytrmlnrqtgx[/link], http://pgduhnhyhsmu.com/ URI: F2MAhq <a href="http://keegmrbweadz.com/">keegmrbweadz</a>, [url=http://fslfksxqquvc.com/]fslfksxqquvc[/url], [link=http://yytrmlnrqtgx.com/]yytrmlnrqtgx[/link], http://pgduhnhyhsmu.com/ Files in this item: 1
ihzzqjwb (1.810Mb) -
Seloilwe, E.S. (Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/704632/description#description, NaN, 2005)[more][less]
Abstract: The results discussed in this report are part of a larger study conducted among the students of the University of Botswana regarding their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to HIV/AIDS. The study triangulated survey methods and focus group discussions. Five main areas were investigated: knowledge and personal experiences of HIV/AIDS, sexual behavior and practices, perceptions about risky sexual behavior on campus, and factors that influence the spread of HIV. This article reports high levels of risky behaviors such as alcohol and drug abuse; unprotected sex; frequent change of sexual partners; sex for financial gain, for prestige, for good grades, to relieve stress, and because of peer pressure; and casual sex as part of socializing. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/578 Files in this item: 1
Factors that influence.pdf (1.399Mb) -
Weiser, S.D.; Leiter, K.; Bangsberg, D.R.; Butler, L.M.; Percy-de Korte, F.; Hlanze, Z.; Phaladze, N.; Iacopino, V.; Heisler, M. (Plos Medicine. www.plosmedicine.org, NaN, 2007)[more][less]
Abstract: Background: Both food insufficiency and HIV infection are major public health problems in sub-Saharan Africa, yet the impact of food insufficiency on HIV risk behavior has not been systematically investigated. We tested the hypothesis that food insufficiency is associated with HIV transmission behavior. Methods and Findings: We studied the association between food insufficiency (not having enough food to eat over the previous 12 months) and inconsistent condom use, sex exchange, and other measures of risky sex in a cross-sectional population-based study of 1,255 adults in Botswana and 796 adults in Swaziland using a stratified two-stage probability design. Associations were examined using multivariable logistic regression analyses, clustered by country and stratified by gender. Food insufficiency was reported by 32% of women and 22% of men over the previous 12 months. Among 1,050 women in both countries, after controlling for respondent characteristics including income and education, HIV knowledge, and alcohol use, food insufficiency was associated with inconsistent condom use with a nonprimary partner (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27–2.36), sex exchange (AOR 1.84, 95% CI 1.74–1.93), intergenerational sexual relationships (AOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.03–2.08), and lack of control in sexual relationships (AOR 1.68, 95% CI 1.24–2.28). Associations between food insufficiency and risky sex were much attenuated among men. Conclusions: Food insufficiency is an important risk factor for increased sexual risk-taking among women in Botswana and Swaziland. Targeted food assistance and income generation programs in conjunction with efforts to enhance women’s leg URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/556 Files in this item: 1
Food insufficiency.pdf (2.245Mb) -
Phaladze, N.; Tlou, S. (Oxfam. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/cgde, January 1, 2006)[more][less]
Abstract: This article discusses the response of Botswana to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In recognition of the fact that HIV/AIDS is more than just a health issue, Botswana has instigated a multi-sectoral response to the epidemic, which sets Botswana apart as an example of a country following ‘best practice’ in HIV/AIDS prevention and control. Yet the battle is not over. AIDS is the leading cause of death in Botswana for young adult women aged between 15 and 19 years old. This article makes suggestions for future improvement, to respond to the challenges facing Batswana women living with, and affected by, HIV/AIDS. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/567 Files in this item: 1
Gender and HIV.pdf (1.167Mb) -
Mmualefe, L.C.; Torto, N.; Huntsman-Mapila, P.; Mbongwe, B. (Elsevier Ltd, http://www.elsevier.com/locate/microc, NaN, 2009)[more][less]
Abstract: Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was optimized for the analysis of pesticides with gas chromatography electron capture detection (GC-ECD) and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Factors influencing the extraction efficiency such as fiber type, extraction mode and temperature, effect of ionic strength, stirring and extraction time were evaluated. The lowest pesticide concentrations that could be detected in spiked aliquots after HS-SPME–GC-ECD ranged from 0.0005 to 0.0032 μg L−1. Consequently hexachlorobenzene, trans-chlordane, 4,4′-DDD and 4,4′-DDE were detected in water samples after HS-SPME at concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 61.4 μg L−1 that are much higher than the 0.1 μg L−1 maximum limit of individual organochlorine pesticides in drinking water set by the European Community Directive. The same samples were cleaned with ISOLUTE C18 SPE sorbent with an optimal acetone/n-hexane (1:1 v/v) mixture for the elution of analytes. No pesticides were detected after SPE clean-up and pre-concentration. Precision for both methods was satisfactory with relative standard deviations less than 20%. This work demonstrated the superiority of HS-SPME as a sample clean-up and pre-concentration technique for pesticides in water samples as well as the need to identify and control point sources of pesticides. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/851 Files in this item: 1
Mbongwe_MJ_2009.pdf (786.8Kb) -
Ekosse, G.; Jager, L.; Van den Heever, D.J. (African Forum of Health Sciences http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajhs/article/view/30803/23134, NaN, 2005)[more][less]
Abstract: This study determines the prevalence of types of sicknesses and diseases affecting patients vising health service facilities and the available health services within the Selebi Phikwe Ni-Cu area, Botswana.Through the administration of the questionnaires and structured questions, attempts were made to establish and verify the existing human health problems at the study area by focusing on respiratory tract related symptoms of sicknesses and diseases.With the aid of Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), interpreted results from respondents indicated that all the health service providers served patients suffering from headaches, persistent coughing, chest pains, lower abdominal pains, pain when passing out urine, genital discharge and diarrhea.Seventy one percent of the health service providers indicated that their patients who suffered from recent loss of body weight, and another 86 % pointed out that their patients had influenza/common cold. Other health complaints reported included unusual spitting, shortness of breath, palpitations, neausea/vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. Moreover the health service providers indicated that they had patients who suffered from significant illnesses of which some passed away. However, if they are lacking facilities, patients are referred to bigger health service providers in the country. The findings of the study do not general depict demarcating differnces of health status of residents of the study area to those of the control site. A need therefore for further investigations to be conducted to establish relations of mining activities to human health at Selebi Phikwe is called for. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/425 Files in this item: 1
Ekosse_AJHS_2005.pdf (1.623Mb) -
Mbongwe, B.; Mmereki, B.T.; Magashula, A. (Elsevier Ltd. http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/404/description#description, March 12, 2007)[more][less]
Abstract: Healthcare waste management continues to present an array of challenges for developing countries, and Botswana is no exception. The possible impact of healthcare waste on public health and the environment has received a lot of attention such that Waste Management dedicated a special issue to the management of healthcare waste (Healthcare Wastes Management, 2005. Waste Management 25(6) 567-665). As the demand for more healthcare facilities increases, there is also an increase on waste generation from these facilities. This situation requires an organised system of healthcare waste management to curb public health risks as well as occupational hazards among healthcare workers as a result of poor waste management. This paper reviews current waste management practices at the healthcare facility level and proposes possible options for improvement in Botswana. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/223 Files in this item: 2
license.txt (1.998Kb) -
Mogobe, K.D.; Seboni, N.; Brown, M.S.; Ntsayagae, E.; Sebego, M.; Sabone, M. (Elsevier Ltd, http://www.elsevier.com/locate/microc, NaN, 2007)[more][less]
Abstract: This article represents a case study of one university faculty’s efforts to fight the threat of HIV/AIDS to their student body. This case study reviews the early stages of faculty endeavors beginning with the development of an HIV/AIDS course and continuing through evaluation of the success and failures of the course, as well as current refinements now being made. Because the problem of HIV/AIDS on campus is a common one throughout sub-Saharan Africa, the authors hope that this case study of one faculty’s approach may be helpful to those facing the same challenge. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/972 Files in this item: 1
Mogobe_JANAC_2007.pdf (1.034Mb) -
Mogobe, K.D.; Seboni, N.; Brown, M.S.; Ntsayagae, E.; Sebego, M.; Sabone, M. (Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/704632/description#description, NaN, 2007)[more][less]
Abstract: Botswana currently has one of the highest HIVpositive prevalence rates in the world. University students are an important group seriously affected by this pandemic. They represent one of the country’s richest resources for the future, and faculty at University of Botswana believe there is a responsibility to educate them in a way that helps them preserve their health and vitality. This article represents a case study of one university faculty’s efforts to fight the threat of HIV/AIDS to their student body. This case study reviews the early stages of faculty endeavors beginning with the development of an HIV/AIDS course and continuing through evaluation of the success and failures of the course, as well as current refinements now being made. Because the problem of HIV/AIDS on campus is a common one throughout sub-Saharan Africa, the authors hope that this case study of one faculty’s approach may be helpful to those facing the same challenge. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/548 Files in this item: 1
HIV AIDS education.pdf (1.139Mb) -
Sabone, M.B. (Sage Publications, http://jfn.sagepub.com, NaN, 2008)[more][less]
Abstract: This report is part of a larger study that investigated the relationships between illness demands, marital support, and psychological adjustment in the context of diabetes mellitus in rural and urban middle-aged marital couples in Botswana. Ninety-six persons experiencing diabetes and 87 of their spouses participated in the study. This report is based on data from 87 diabetic patients and their spouses. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews. Patients and their spouses were interviewed separately. Three open-ended questions elicited participants’ personal experiences of illness demands. The couple participants reported many challenging illness experiences associated with the illness and contextual factors that influenced their perception about the burden of illness and reported that the illness experienced was often a growth-enhancing and maturing process. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/990 Files in this item: 1
Sabone_JFN_2008.pdf (1.169Mb) -
Cainelli, F.; Vallone, A.; Tanko, M. N.; Vento, S. (Elsevier, http://www.elsevier.com, NaN, 2010)[more][less]
Abstract: Lymphadenopathy was identified as an essential feature of AIDS soon after its appearance and before the identification of HIV as its cause.¹ However, lymphadenopathy has not subsequently received much attention. Recently, two studies have allowed lymph nodes to regain centre stage. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/582 Files in this item: 1
Lymph nodes and pathogenesis.pdf (355.1Kb) -
Mogobe, K.D.; Tshiamo, W.; Bowelo, M. (Reproductive Health Matters. www.rhmjournal.org.uk, NaN, 2007)[more][less]
Abstract: This paper describes the maternity monitoring system in Botswana, developed in 1998, and the main methods used: maternal death and morbidity reviews at service delivery level, analysis by the National Maternal Mortality Audit Committee of data from the reviews as reported on two forms, perinatal reviews and surveys using process indicators. We carried out a study of these findings to examine whether the system was working well. Surveys using process indicators in 2001 and 2006 were analysed. Other data examined were from 2004–2006 and early 2007. The Maternal Death Notification Form was found to be comprehensive but not all health facilities were submitting them and some gave incomplete information. In 2001, 70% of pregnant women attended antenatal care but access to emergency obstetric care was uneven. In 2006, 28 facilities with maternity services surveyed were providing 24-hour delivery care, but laboratory, theatre and blood supplies were more limited, and only 50% of doctors and 67% of midwives had life-saving skills. Antibiotics were widely available, but there were shortages of magnesium sulphate, diazepam, oxytocics and manual vacuum aspiration kits. Recommendations for improvements have been made, training for skilled attendants is ongoing and a medical school has just opened at the University of Botswana. A2007 Reproductive Health Matters. All rights reserved. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/541 Files in this item: 1
Monitoring maternity.pdf (1.714Mb) -
Simbiri, K.O.; Murakami, M.; Feldman, M.; Steenhoff, A.P.; Nkomazana, O.; Bisson, G.; Robertson, E.S. (BioMed Central Ltd. www.infectagentscancer.com/content/5/1/6, NaN, 2010)[more][less]
Abstract: Background: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a rare cancer that has increased in incidence with the HIV pandemic in Africa. The underlying cause of this cancer in HIV-infected patients from Botswana is not well defined. Results: Tissues were obtained from 28 OSSN and 8 pterygia patients. The tissues analyzed from OSSN patients were 83% positive for EBV, 75% were HPV positive, 70% were KSHV positive, 75% were HSV-1/2 positive, and 61% were CMV positive by PCR. Tissues from pterygium patients were 88% positive for EBV, 75% were HPV positive, 50% were KSHV positive, and 60% were CMV positive. None of the patients were JC or BK positive. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry analyses further identified HPV, EBV, and KSHV in a subset of the tissue samples. Conclusion: We identified the known oncogenic viruses HPV, KSHV, and EBV in OSSN and pterygia tissues. The presence of these tumor viruses in OSSN suggests that they may contribute to the development of this malignancy in the HIV population. Further studies are necessary to characterize the molecular mechanisms associated with viral antigens and their potential role in the development of OSSN. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/565 Files in this item: 1
Multiple oncogenic.pdf (3.107Mb) -
Ekosse, G.; De Jager, L.; Van den Heever, D.J. (AJOL http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajhs/article/view/30799/23130, NaN, 2005)[more][less]
Abstract: This study aimed at establishing occurrences of chest pains and frequent coughing among different classes of residents within Selibe Phikwe, Botswana where there are on going nickel-copper mining and smelting activities. Through the administration of questionnaires and structured question to 600 individuals, 7 health service providers, 200 business enterprises, and 30 educational institutions, attempts were made to establish and verify the existing human health status at Selebi Phikwe by focusing on chest pains and frequent coughing which are considered to be some of the respiratory tract related symptoms of sicknesses and diseases. With the aid of statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), interpreted results from respondents indicated that 33% of the individuals complained of persistent chest pains, and 27% of educational institutions, 45% business enterprises, and all health service providers had learners, workers, and patients who complained of chest pains. Furthermore, 49% of the individuals complained of persistent frequent coughing; and 70% of educational institutions, 45% business interprises, and all health service providers had learners, workers, and patients who complained of frequent coughing. According to study sites, respondents living in sites closest to the mine and smelter/concentrator plant reported a higher incidence of chest pains and frequent coughing, compared to those living in other parts of the study area. Residents associated fumes and dust from mining activities to the frequent coughing and persistent chest pains, which could be symptoms of respiratory tract diseases. This baseline investigation calls for further studies to establish relations of mining activities to human health at Selebi Phikwe. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/379 Files in this item: 1
Ekosse_AJHS_2005.pdf (2.243Mb) -
Tshiamo, W. (Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/ijn, NaN, 2009)[more][less]
Abstract: Although developed countries have largely eliminated the problem of paraffin ingestion in young children, many developing countries have not. Paraffin, used as a home energy source, particularly in rural area, accounts for a significant percent of paediatric poisoning and can lead to serious health problems, complications and death. This paper presents a review done by a nurse clinician concerned about the number of paediatric poisonings she saw in the hospital in one developing country, Botswana. The first stage of solving the problem is presented in which she established the extent and epidemiology of the issue. Suggestions for its solution are also discussed. It is hoped that this can serve both to increase awareness in developing countries of the dangers of paraffin poisoning and serve as a model for nurse clinicians and researchers in developing countries. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/557 Files in this item: 1
Paraffin kerosene poisoning.pdf (527.8Kb) -
Nthomang, K.; Phaladze, N.; Oagile, N.; Ngwenya, B.; Seboni, N.; Gobotswang, K.; Kubanji, R. (Taylor & Francis, http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~db=all~content=t713723020, NaN, 2009)[more][less]
Abstract: HIV-related stigma is a life-altering phenomenon. The consequence of the stigmatization process sets apart stigmatized person(s) as a distinct category, leading to various forms of disapproval, rejection, exclusion, labeling, stereotyping, and discrimination. Stigma of HIV-positive people in Botswana is a complex social phenomenon associated with the disease itself and the behaviors that lead to infection. This is a synthesis paper based on the literature review on HIV- and AIDS-related stigmatization of HIV-positive people in Botswana and in-depth interviews with people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHAs). I examine the literature on HIV- and AIDS-related stigmatization and subsequent discrimination and the implications for intervention programs for people living with HIV and AIDS. The findings from the literature and in-depth interviews show that HIV-AIDS-related stigma is deeply embedded in societal structures and culture which promote nonacceptance of those branded HIV positive. This often is reinforced at a practical level by pervasive negative attitudes toward PLWHAs. Recommendations argue for the adoption of Healthy Relationship. This intervention seeks to promote and strengthen decision-making skills among PLWHAs and programs that promote destigmatization of, and tolerant attitudes toward, PLWHAs. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/857 Files in this item: 1
Nthomang_HCWI_2009.pdf (103.4Kb) -
Weiser, S. D.; Leiter, K.; Heisler, M.; McFarland, W.; Percy-de Korte, F.; DeMonner, S. M.; Tlou, S.; Phaladze, N.; Iacopino, V.; Bangsberg, D. R. (Public Library of Science, http://www.plos.org/, January 1, 2006)[more][less]
Abstract: Background In Botswana, an estimated 24% of adults ages 15–49 years are infected with HIV. While alcohol use is strongly associated with HIV infection in Africa, few population-based studies have characterized the association of alcohol use with specific high-risk sexual behaviors. Methods and Findings We conducted a cross-sectional, population-based study of 1,268 adults from five districts in Botswana using a stratified two-stage probability sample design. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess correlates of heavy alcohol consumption (>14 drinks/week for women, and >21 drinks/week for men) as a dependent variable. We also assessed gender-specific associations between alcohol use as a primary independent variable (categorized as none, moderate, problem and heavy drinking) and several risky sex outcomes including: (a) having unprotected sex with a nonmonogamous partner; (b) having multiple sexual partners; and (c) paying for or selling sex in exchange for money or other resources. Criteria for heavy drinking were met by 31% of men and 17% of women. Adjusted correlates of heavy alcohol use included male gender, intergenerational relationships (age ≥gap 10 y), higher education, and living with a sexual partner. Among men, heavy alcohol use was associated with higher odds of all risky sex outcomes examined, including unprotected sex (AOR = 3.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65 to 7.32), multiple partners (AOR = 3.08; 95% CI, 1.95 to 4.87), and paying for sex (AOR = 3.65; 95% CI, 2.58 to 12.37). Similarly, among women, heavy alcohol consumption was associated with higher odds of unprotected sex (AOR = 3.28; 95% CI, 1.71 to 6.28), multiple partners (AOR = 3.05; 95% CI, 1.83 to 5.07), and selling sex (AOR = 8.50; 95% CI, 3.41 to 21.18). A dose-response relationship was seen between alcohol use and risky sexual behaviors, with moderate drinkers at lower risk than both problem and heavy drinkers. Conclusions Alcohol use is associated with multiple risks for HIV transmission among both men and women. The findings of this study underscore the need to integrate alcohol abuse and HIV prevention efforts in Botswana and elsewhere. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/591 Files in this item: 1
Populaton based study.pdf (2.223Mb) -
Seboni, N.M. (Elsevier Ltd. www.elsevier.com/ijns, NaN, 2009)[more][less]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/576 Files in this item: 1
Proliferation of new health cadres.pdf (360.5Kb) -
Fako, T.T.; Forcheh, N.; Ncube, E. (Elsevier Ltd. www.elsevier.com/locate/socscimed, January 1, 2003)[more][less]
Abstract: This paper examines several key factors that determine nurses’ ability to complete the Botswana Obstetric Record (BOR), an instrument that should help with early diagnosis of problems during pregnancy, labour, delivery and the puerperium. Using a national sample of 309 nurses working in hospitals, clinics and health posts under the local government authority in Botswana, the study found that a nurse’s ability to complete the BOR was significantly related to midwifery training, level of basic nursing training, age group, level of income, job satisfaction, adequacy of equipment, attendance of refresher courses, overall level of in-service training, reliance on workshops and seminars, peer reliance and self-reliance for information on new nursing practices. Multivariate analyses indicated that the most competent nurse in completing the BOR was one trained as a midwife, working in an adequately equipped health facility, and who often consulted with peers as well as attended workshops and seminars. The study concludes that it is more important to train all nurses to become midwives than to upgrade enrolled nurses to become registered nurses if the plan for safe motherhood is to be advanced. Further research is needed to establish the objective competence of nurses who claim to be comfortable completing the BOR. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/564 Files in this item: 1
Prospects of safe motherhood.pdf (2.915Mb) -
Thupayagale-Tshweneagae, G. (Blackwell Publishing Ltd. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/jpmhn, NaN, 2008)[more][less]
Abstract: Studies on the psychosocial effects of grandmothers as primary caregivers in Botswana are non-existent. The purpose of this study was to close that knowledge gap. Twenty-five (n = 25) grandmothers who were primary caregivers to their grandchildren in one rural village of Botswana were interviewed twice a week between January and May 2006. A central theme that emerged from the interviews under psychological effects was ‘disenfranchised grief’ with sub themes that included depression, loneliness, blaming and stress. The themes that emerged on social effects included isolation, loss of control, unavailability of mental health services, financial hardships and a sense of failure for some participants. Implications for mental health practitioners and policy makers are given. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/555 Files in this item: 1
Psychosocial effects experienced.pdf (715.8Kb)