Browsing Faculty of Health Sciences by Issue Date
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Mogobe, K.D.; Seboni, N.; Brown, M.S.; Ntsayagae, E.; Sebego, M.; Sabone, M. (Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/704632/description#description, NaN, 2007)[more][less]
Abstract: Botswana currently has one of the highest HIVpositive prevalence rates in the world. University students are an important group seriously affected by this pandemic. They represent one of the country’s richest resources for the future, and faculty at University of Botswana believe there is a responsibility to educate them in a way that helps them preserve their health and vitality. This article represents a case study of one university faculty’s efforts to fight the threat of HIV/AIDS to their student body. This case study reviews the early stages of faculty endeavors beginning with the development of an HIV/AIDS course and continuing through evaluation of the success and failures of the course, as well as current refinements now being made. Because the problem of HIV/AIDS on campus is a common one throughout sub-Saharan Africa, the authors hope that this case study of one faculty’s approach may be helpful to those facing the same challenge. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/548 Files in this item: 1
HIV AIDS education.pdf (1.139Mb) -
Weiser, S.D.; Leiter, K.; Bangsberg, D.R.; Butler, L.M.; Percy-de Korte, F.; Hlanze, Z.; Phaladze, N.; Iacopino, V.; Heisler, M. (Plos Medicine. www.plosmedicine.org, NaN, 2007)[more][less]
Abstract: Background: Both food insufficiency and HIV infection are major public health problems in sub-Saharan Africa, yet the impact of food insufficiency on HIV risk behavior has not been systematically investigated. We tested the hypothesis that food insufficiency is associated with HIV transmission behavior. Methods and Findings: We studied the association between food insufficiency (not having enough food to eat over the previous 12 months) and inconsistent condom use, sex exchange, and other measures of risky sex in a cross-sectional population-based study of 1,255 adults in Botswana and 796 adults in Swaziland using a stratified two-stage probability design. Associations were examined using multivariable logistic regression analyses, clustered by country and stratified by gender. Food insufficiency was reported by 32% of women and 22% of men over the previous 12 months. Among 1,050 women in both countries, after controlling for respondent characteristics including income and education, HIV knowledge, and alcohol use, food insufficiency was associated with inconsistent condom use with a nonprimary partner (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27–2.36), sex exchange (AOR 1.84, 95% CI 1.74–1.93), intergenerational sexual relationships (AOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.03–2.08), and lack of control in sexual relationships (AOR 1.68, 95% CI 1.24–2.28). Associations between food insufficiency and risky sex were much attenuated among men. Conclusions: Food insufficiency is an important risk factor for increased sexual risk-taking among women in Botswana and Swaziland. Targeted food assistance and income generation programs in conjunction with efforts to enhance women’s leg URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/556 Files in this item: 1
Food insufficiency.pdf (2.245Mb) -
Seloilwe, E.S.; Thupayagale-Tshweneagae, G. (International Council of Nurses. http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0020-8132, January 1, 2007)[more][less]
Abstract: Aim: The purpose of this article is to provide an insight into the developmental trends in community mental health care in Botswana. Different approaches are discussed and the opportunities that have emanated from them. Background: Care of the mentally ill in Botswana is provided at different levels of coverage and sophistication. There is a single mental hospital in the country. Attached to the district hospitals are psychiatric outpatient clinics run by psychiatric nurses and a psychiatrist who visits them on monthly basis. Mental health care in Botswana has gone through a paradigm shift, from the prepenal years, penal years and institutional to community based care, which reflects a philosophy of citizen involvement and collaboration. Conclusion: Several approaches have been utilized in the development of community mental health care. However, difficulties and challenges still exist in the provision of community mental health care. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/816 Files in this item: 1
Seloilwe_INR_2007.pdf (1.345Mb) -
Thupayagale-Tshweneagae, G.; Dithole, K. (Nursing Forum.http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/nuf, January 1, 2007)[more][less]
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to elucidate contributing factors to the disunity in nursing, and argue that if united nursing would be able to achieve harmony, respect, and, above all, recognition. Social and historical identities imperil nurses, make them defenseless, and cause disunity. The relation between nursing and effects of gender discourses in power struggles is also accentuated. The paper concludes by advancing solutions to the disunity and argues that if measures are not taken urgently, unity in nursing will remain intangible and a legacy of disunity passes to the incoming generation. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/566 Files in this item: 1
Unity among nurses.pdf (628.6Kb) -
Mbongwe, B.; Mmereki, B.T.; Magashula, A. (Elsevier Ltd. http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/404/description#description, March 12, 2007)[more][less]
Abstract: Healthcare waste management continues to present an array of challenges for developing countries, and Botswana is no exception. The possible impact of healthcare waste on public health and the environment has received a lot of attention such that Waste Management dedicated a special issue to the management of healthcare waste (Healthcare Wastes Management, 2005. Waste Management 25(6) 567-665). As the demand for more healthcare facilities increases, there is also an increase on waste generation from these facilities. This situation requires an organised system of healthcare waste management to curb public health risks as well as occupational hazards among healthcare workers as a result of poor waste management. This paper reviews current waste management practices at the healthcare facility level and proposes possible options for improvement in Botswana. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/223 Files in this item: 2
license.txt (1.998Kb) -
Sabone, M.B. (Sage Publications, http://jfn.sagepub.com, NaN, 2008)[more][less]
Abstract: This report is part of a larger study that investigated the relationships between illness demands, marital support, and psychological adjustment in the context of diabetes mellitus in rural and urban middle-aged marital couples in Botswana. Ninety-six persons experiencing diabetes and 87 of their spouses participated in the study. This report is based on data from 87 diabetic patients and their spouses. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews. Patients and their spouses were interviewed separately. Three open-ended questions elicited participants’ personal experiences of illness demands. The couple participants reported many challenging illness experiences associated with the illness and contextual factors that influenced their perception about the burden of illness and reported that the illness experienced was often a growth-enhancing and maturing process. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/990 Files in this item: 1
Sabone_JFN_2008.pdf (1.169Mb) -
Thupayagale-Tshweneagae, G. (Blackwell Publishing Ltd. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/jpmhn, NaN, 2008)[more][less]
Abstract: Studies on the psychosocial effects of grandmothers as primary caregivers in Botswana are non-existent. The purpose of this study was to close that knowledge gap. Twenty-five (n = 25) grandmothers who were primary caregivers to their grandchildren in one rural village of Botswana were interviewed twice a week between January and May 2006. A central theme that emerged from the interviews under psychological effects was ‘disenfranchised grief’ with sub themes that included depression, loneliness, blaming and stress. The themes that emerged on social effects included isolation, loss of control, unavailability of mental health services, financial hardships and a sense of failure for some participants. Implications for mental health practitioners and policy makers are given. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/555 Files in this item: 1
Psychosocial effects experienced.pdf (715.8Kb) -
Nthomang, K.; Phaladze, N.; Oagile, N.; Ngwenya, B.; Seboni, N.; Gobotswang, K.; Kubanji, R. (Taylor & Francis, http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~db=all~content=t713723020, NaN, 2009)[more][less]
Abstract: HIV-related stigma is a life-altering phenomenon. The consequence of the stigmatization process sets apart stigmatized person(s) as a distinct category, leading to various forms of disapproval, rejection, exclusion, labeling, stereotyping, and discrimination. Stigma of HIV-positive people in Botswana is a complex social phenomenon associated with the disease itself and the behaviors that lead to infection. This is a synthesis paper based on the literature review on HIV- and AIDS-related stigmatization of HIV-positive people in Botswana and in-depth interviews with people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHAs). I examine the literature on HIV- and AIDS-related stigmatization and subsequent discrimination and the implications for intervention programs for people living with HIV and AIDS. The findings from the literature and in-depth interviews show that HIV-AIDS-related stigma is deeply embedded in societal structures and culture which promote nonacceptance of those branded HIV positive. This often is reinforced at a practical level by pervasive negative attitudes toward PLWHAs. Recommendations argue for the adoption of Healthy Relationship. This intervention seeks to promote and strengthen decision-making skills among PLWHAs and programs that promote destigmatization of, and tolerant attitudes toward, PLWHAs. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/857 Files in this item: 1
Nthomang_HCWI_2009.pdf (103.4Kb) -
Tshiamo, W. (Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/ijn, NaN, 2009)[more][less]
Abstract: Although developed countries have largely eliminated the problem of paraffin ingestion in young children, many developing countries have not. Paraffin, used as a home energy source, particularly in rural area, accounts for a significant percent of paediatric poisoning and can lead to serious health problems, complications and death. This paper presents a review done by a nurse clinician concerned about the number of paediatric poisonings she saw in the hospital in one developing country, Botswana. The first stage of solving the problem is presented in which she established the extent and epidemiology of the issue. Suggestions for its solution are also discussed. It is hoped that this can serve both to increase awareness in developing countries of the dangers of paraffin poisoning and serve as a model for nurse clinicians and researchers in developing countries. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/557 Files in this item: 1
Paraffin kerosene poisoning.pdf (527.8Kb) -
Vento, S.; Tanko, M.N. (The Lancet. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/issue/current, NaN, 2009)[more][less]
Abstract: Biopsy specimens were taken from intact areas of antral mucosa in 100 consenting consecutive patients presenting for gastroscopy at the Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia. Spiral or curved bacilli were found in biopsy specimens from 58 patients. The bacteria were usually found in close contact with the mucosa, often in grooves between cells, within acinus-like infoldings of the epithelium, or within the mucosal pits. Gram-negative, flagellate, microaerophilic bacilli cultured from 11 biopsy specimens seemed to be a new species related to the genus campylobacter. The bacteria were sensitive to tetracycline, erythromycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, and penicillin,and were resistant to nalidixic acid. The bacteria were present in almost all patients with active chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer, or gastric ulcer. Therefore, they might be an important causal factor in these diseases URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/348 Files in this item: 1
Bacterium that could cause cancer.pdf (660.5Kb) -
Cainelli, F.; Vallone, A. (Dove Medical Press Ltd. http://www.dovepress.com/biologics-targets--therapy-journal, NaN, 2009)[more][less]
Abstract: Kaposi’s sarcoma is a vascular tumor linked to the presence of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus-8) and the incidence of which has increased considerably the world over after the onset of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic. Antiretroviral therapy combined with cytotoxic agents has been established as the treatment of choice in the past 10 years. Among chemotherapeutic agents, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin has become the preferred one for patients with HIV-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma in Western countries. The drug in this formulation localizes better to the tumor and has higher efficacy. Skin toxicity, mucositis, and leukopenia/neutropenia are the main side effects. Hepatotoxicity and mild cardiotoxicity are observed less frequently. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin impacts favorably on quality of life. Although cost effective in Western countries, the drug is less so in developing countries. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/419 Files in this item: 1
Safety and efficacy.pdf (737.4Kb) -
Teitelman, A.M.; Seloilwe, E.S.; Campbell, J.C. (Taylor & Francis, LLC. http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/authors/uhcwauth.asp, NaN, 2009)[more][less]
Abstract: The papers in this special issue focus on the topic of violence against women. This group of scholarly works explores theoretical issues, context and health care interventions pertaining to violence in women’s lives. In conjunction with this special issue, this editorial provides a synopsis of presentations and discussions about the topic of the intersections of genderbased violence, HIV and the girl child that took place in July 2008 as part of the 17th conference of International Council of Women’s Health Issues (ICOWHI) held in Gaborone, Botswana, focusing on the Girl Child. ICOWHI, in conjunction with the University of Botswana, Centre for the Study of HIV and AIDS (CSHA) sponsored a one day preconference on “Gender-based violence and HIV Risk among Adolescent Girls.” A diverse interdisciplinary group of scholars from around the world closely examined these interconnected epidemics in a rich day long discussion. The aim of the preconference as well as the articles in this special issue is to build scholarship and inform practice of cultural and contextual factors as they pertain to violence in the lives of women and girls in order to promote their health, safety and well-being globally. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/574 Files in this item: 1
Voices from the frontlines.pdf (1.170Mb) -
Seboni, N.M. (Elsevier Ltd. www.elsevier.com/ijns, NaN, 2009)[more][less]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/576 Files in this item: 1
Proliferation of new health cadres.pdf (360.5Kb) -
Mogobe, K.D.; Bruce, J.C.; Meyer, S. (University of South Africa (Unisa Press)http://www.unisa.ac.za/, NaN, 2009)[more][less]
Abstract: Higher education in developing countries face a particular challenge; half of the world’s higher education students are found in developing countries, placing great strain on an already under funded system. Whilst the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) health strategy urges countries to embark on massive capacity building, the truth is that the higher education sector in Africa does not have the resources to do so. The NEPAD higher education document (2001) proposes the idea of multi-country partnerships to address the sector’s problem and at the same time, address the capacity building needs for improved health care delivery. This paper reports on pertinent aspects of collaboration between universities on the African continent for the purpose of capacity building in nursing and midwifery. The paper outlines the rationale and context of the Collaboration in Higher Education for Nursing and Midwifery in Africa (CHENMA) project. The discussion focuses on the conditions in Africa that hamper the development of nursing and midwifery. It describes the efforts of the Tau Lambda at-Large Chapter to improve nursing and midwifery, initially in East Africa and later in Francophone Africa through the CHENMA project. The paper articulates the values and underpinning principles, outcomes of and lessons learnt from the project. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/685 Files in this item: 1
Collaboration in higher education.pdf (1.194Mb) -
Mmualefe, L.C.; Torto, N.; Huntsman-Mapila, P.; Mbongwe, B. (Elsevier Ltd, http://www.elsevier.com/locate/microc, NaN, 2009)[more][less]
Abstract: Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was optimized for the analysis of pesticides with gas chromatography electron capture detection (GC-ECD) and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Factors influencing the extraction efficiency such as fiber type, extraction mode and temperature, effect of ionic strength, stirring and extraction time were evaluated. The lowest pesticide concentrations that could be detected in spiked aliquots after HS-SPME–GC-ECD ranged from 0.0005 to 0.0032 μg L−1. Consequently hexachlorobenzene, trans-chlordane, 4,4′-DDD and 4,4′-DDE were detected in water samples after HS-SPME at concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 61.4 μg L−1 that are much higher than the 0.1 μg L−1 maximum limit of individual organochlorine pesticides in drinking water set by the European Community Directive. The same samples were cleaned with ISOLUTE C18 SPE sorbent with an optimal acetone/n-hexane (1:1 v/v) mixture for the elution of analytes. No pesticides were detected after SPE clean-up and pre-concentration. Precision for both methods was satisfactory with relative standard deviations less than 20%. This work demonstrated the superiority of HS-SPME as a sample clean-up and pre-concentration technique for pesticides in water samples as well as the need to identify and control point sources of pesticides. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/851 Files in this item: 1
Mbongwe_MJ_2009.pdf (786.8Kb) -
McFarland, D.M. (International Council of Nurses. http://www.ovid.com/site/catalog/Journal/968.jsp, December NaN, 2009)[more][less]
Abstract: Background: Cervical cancer is the most common cause of cancer mortality and morbidity for women in Botswana. Yet, little is known about what women believe to be the causes of the disease. Aim: This paper presents data on factors women in Botswana believe are responsible for the high incidence of cervical cancer in their country. Data were part of a larger study that explored knowledge and perceptions about cervical cancer and Pap smear screening from the perspectives of the clients and the healthcare providers. Methods: The study that generated the data included 30 women of all socio-economic levels, recruited by network sampling. The women’s ages ranged from 31 to 54 years. Demographic data were analysed descriptively. Individualized interview data were content-analysed. Findings: The identified causes of cervical cancer were classified as cervical irritants and non-irritants. The most commonly cited cervical irritants were vaginally inserted chemical agents and traditional medicine. Discussions: Participants identified vaginally inserted chemical substances and traditional medicines as possible explanations for the high incidence of cervical cancer in Botswana. They reported that women used these substances for sexual and hygienic purposes. Although these factors are believed to be the causes of cervical cancer and have not yet been medically acknowledged, verbal reports suggest that their use is problematic. Conclusion: There is a need for health education and for further research to affirm women’s beliefs about the harmful effects of intravaginal agents. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/1141 Files in this item: 1
Beliefs about the causes.pdf (1.382Mb) -
Cainelli, F.; Vallone, A.; Tanko, M. N.; Vento, S. (Elsevier, http://www.elsevier.com, NaN, 2010)[more][less]
Abstract: Lymphadenopathy was identified as an essential feature of AIDS soon after its appearance and before the identification of HIV as its cause.¹ However, lymphadenopathy has not subsequently received much attention. Recently, two studies have allowed lymph nodes to regain centre stage. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/582 Files in this item: 1
Lymph nodes and pathogenesis.pdf (355.1Kb) -
Simbiri, K.O.; Murakami, M.; Feldman, M.; Steenhoff, A.P.; Nkomazana, O.; Bisson, G.; Robertson, E.S. (BioMed Central Ltd. www.infectagentscancer.com/content/5/1/6, NaN, 2010)[more][less]
Abstract: Background: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a rare cancer that has increased in incidence with the HIV pandemic in Africa. The underlying cause of this cancer in HIV-infected patients from Botswana is not well defined. Results: Tissues were obtained from 28 OSSN and 8 pterygia patients. The tissues analyzed from OSSN patients were 83% positive for EBV, 75% were HPV positive, 70% were KSHV positive, 75% were HSV-1/2 positive, and 61% were CMV positive by PCR. Tissues from pterygium patients were 88% positive for EBV, 75% were HPV positive, 50% were KSHV positive, and 60% were CMV positive. None of the patients were JC or BK positive. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry analyses further identified HPV, EBV, and KSHV in a subset of the tissue samples. Conclusion: We identified the known oncogenic viruses HPV, KSHV, and EBV in OSSN and pterygia tissues. The presence of these tumor viruses in OSSN suggests that they may contribute to the development of this malignancy in the HIV population. Further studies are necessary to characterize the molecular mechanisms associated with viral antigens and their potential role in the development of OSSN. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/565 Files in this item: 1
Multiple oncogenic.pdf (3.107Mb) -
Shaibu, S.; Phaladze, N.A. (Cambridge University Press. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=PHC, NaN, 2010)[more][less]
Abstract: This paper reports an evaluation of the implementation of the School Health Policy (SHP) in Botswana schools. Historically, school health originated with a concern for the number of children being excluded from school owing to communicable diseases. In 1999, the three ministries, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Local Government, developed the Botswana School Health Policy and Procedures Manual. The school health services are organized at national, district and local levels. The purpose of the evaluation was to explore how school health services were delivered in schools in Botswana. Data on current practices on school health were collected using observations, field notes and interviews of various school personnel in 27 schools located in the Gaborone district, and surrounding villages using the assessment guide in the SHP. Content analysis was used to analyse the data. Several challenges to implementing the school health policy were identified, for example, lack of human resources, lack of equipment supplies, lack of health knowledge among teachers, as well as organizational problems. This has budgetary implications for Botswana at both central and district levels. Commitment of all stakeholders in all ministries concerned would also improve the implementation of school health services. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/563 Files in this item: 1
School health.pdf (911.5Kb) -
Thupayagale-Tshweneagae, G.; Seloilwe, E.S. (Informa Healthcare, http://informahealthcare.com/journal/mhn, NaN, 2010)[more][less]
Abstract: A Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used to investigate the lived experience of women in Botswana who had experienced emotional abuse in intimate relationships. Hermeneutic phenomenologyis concerned with the human experience as it is lived. Ten educated Botswana women who had formal employment and have been in intimate relationships for longer than ten years, narrated their life experiences with abusive men. Extensive interviews took place over a six month period. Sociocultural practices in Botswana emerged as salient factors that contribute to emotional abuse and predispose womento mental illness. Entwined in these cultural practices are issues of age, ethnicity, payment of lobola (bride price), financial standing, change of name, and relocation to the man's residence. Education and employment seem to worsen the abuse. Depression and anxiety are common results of abuse. Understanding how the sociocultural factors perpetuate abuse can assist nurses in the way they provide health care services to women. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/982 Files in this item: 1
Thupayagale-Tshweneagae_IMHN_2010.pdf (1.091Mb)