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Ngwenya, B.N.; Kgathi, D.L. (Elsevier Ltd; www.elsevier.com/locate/pce, NaN, 2006)[more][less]
Abstract: This case study investigates access to potable water in HIV/AIDS related home-based care households in five rural communities in Ngamiland, Botswana. Primary data collected from five villages, consisted of two parts. The first survey collected household data on demographic and rural livelihood features and impacts of HIV/AIDS. A total of 129 households were selected using a two-stage stratified random sampling method. In the second survey, a total of 39 family primary and community care givers of continuously ill, bed-ridden or non-bed-ridden HIV/AIDS patients were interviewed. A detailed questionnaire, with closed and open-ended questions, was used to collect household data. In addition to using the questionnaire, data was also collected through participant observation, informal interviews and secondary sources. The study revealed that there are several sources of water for communities in Ngamiland such as off-plot, outdoor (communal) and on-plot outdoor and/or indoor (private) water connections, as well as other sources such as bowsed water, well-points, boreholes and open perennial/ephemeral water from river channels and pans. There was a serious problem unreliable water supply caused by, among other things, the breakdown of diesel-powered water pumps, high frequency of HIV/AIDS related absenteeism, and the failure of timely delivery of diesel fuel. Some villages experienced chronic supply disruptions while others experienced seasonal or occasional water shortages. Strategies for coping with unreliability of water supply included economizing on water, reserve storage, buying water, and collection from river/dug wells or other alternative sources such as rain harvesting tanks in government institutions. The unreliability of water supply resulted in an increase in the use of water of poor quality and other practices of poor hygiene as well as a high opportunity cost of water collection. In such instances, bathing of patients was cut from twice daily to once or not at all. Depending on the severity of HIV/AIDS related symptoms, e.g. diarrhoea, 20-80 additional litres of water could be required daily. The case study demonstrates that, at individual level, access to water is an integral element of the patient's holistic healing process and psychosocial well being. At household and community levels, access to sufficient supplies of potable water when and where it is needed is central to mitigation of HIV/AIDS impacts. Access to water should therefore not be treated strictly as an economic good due to its importance as a basic human need, a social good and indeed a human right. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/172 Files in this item: 2
license.txt (1.998Kb)ngwenya_kgathi_PCE_06.pdf (4.416Mb) -
Mogobe, K.D.; Seboni, N.; Brown, M.S.; Ntsayagae, E.; Sebego, M.; Sabone, M. (Elsevier Ltd, http://www.elsevier.com/locate/microc, NaN, 2007)[more][less]
Abstract: This article represents a case study of one university faculty’s efforts to fight the threat of HIV/AIDS to their student body. This case study reviews the early stages of faculty endeavors beginning with the development of an HIV/AIDS course and continuing through evaluation of the success and failures of the course, as well as current refinements now being made. Because the problem of HIV/AIDS on campus is a common one throughout sub-Saharan Africa, the authors hope that this case study of one faculty’s approach may be helpful to those facing the same challenge. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/972 Files in this item: 1
Mogobe_JANAC_2007.pdf (1.034Mb) -
Mogobe, K.D.; Seboni, N.; Brown, M.S.; Ntsayagae, E.; Sebego, M.; Sabone, M. (Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/704632/description#description, NaN, 2007)[more][less]
Abstract: Botswana currently has one of the highest HIVpositive prevalence rates in the world. University students are an important group seriously affected by this pandemic. They represent one of the country’s richest resources for the future, and faculty at University of Botswana believe there is a responsibility to educate them in a way that helps them preserve their health and vitality. This article represents a case study of one university faculty’s efforts to fight the threat of HIV/AIDS to their student body. This case study reviews the early stages of faculty endeavors beginning with the development of an HIV/AIDS course and continuing through evaluation of the success and failures of the course, as well as current refinements now being made. Because the problem of HIV/AIDS on campus is a common one throughout sub-Saharan Africa, the authors hope that this case study of one faculty’s approach may be helpful to those facing the same challenge. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/548 Files in this item: 1
HIV AIDS education.pdf (1.139Mb) -
Ngwenya, B.N.; Mosepele, K. (Elsevier www.elsevier.com/locate/pce, NaN, 2007)[more][less]
Abstract: Generally, rural households pursue all year round natural and non-natural resource-based livelihood systems to diversify these options in order to cope with risks emanating from a range of shocks and stressors. Artisanal fishing in the Delta is not only a major livelihood option but also a source of food security. This paper is based on analysis of primary data collected from a survey of 248 subsistence fishers’ households through simple random sampling in 22 villages in the Delta. The overall objectives of the survey were to assess the general prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the Ngamiland district of Botswana, to investigate potential effects of AIDS-related stressors, particularly chronic illness on artisanal fishing activities, and to assess implications towards food security. Results from this study indicate that HIV prevalence rates for pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in the Delta are approximately 30% and are related to factors such as marriage, education, and employment. Despite this relatively high prevalence percentage, most of the affected households do not have adequate access to HIV/AIDS support facilities. Support services are provided on the basis of population size and/or status of the settlement (i.e. urban, urban village, rural or remote). Therefore, since about 50% of the Delta’s population lives in settlements of less than 500 people, they receive health services indirectly through major population centres whose capacity to deliver timely HIV/AIDS services is limited. This disproportionate access to HIV/AIDS services disadvantages the majority of fishing communities in the Delta, and may affect their ability to fish. Moreover, about 53% of sampled households had cared for a continuously ill person/s (CIP’s) in the last 5 years, out of which approximately 29% felt that this seriously impacted fishing activities. These serious impacts included sale of family assets, depletion of savings, and switching or abandoning fishing activities. Subsequently, household food security is seriously affected because fish provides a significant proportion of food to CIP households where approximately 55% of households get their food from fish products. During food shortages, CIP households resorted to a hierarchy of strategies which included cutting down on meals or reducing meal portions, looking for paid work, gathering wild fruit, asking for food from relatives, selling livestock, and getting social assistance. In conclusion, artisanal fishing is a natural safety net which constitutes an important buffer for households affected by HIV/ AIDS-related stressors in the Okavango Delta. Access to fish helps these households mitigate potentially adverse impacts such as deterioration into chronic poverty. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/572 Files in this item: 1
NGWENYA2007Okavango.pdf (1.602Mb) -
Phorano, O.M.; Nthomang, K.; Ngwenya, B.N. (Botswana Society, NaN, 2005)[more][less]
Abstract: Batswana have been hard-hit by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The Botswana government has initiated the Community Home-Based Care programme to provide material support for HIV/AIDS patients cared for at home by family members and relatives. This paper identifies and explores emerging home care issues and pays specific attention to potential risks related to poorly managed clinical human and solid waste disposal generated through home-based care of HIV/AIDS patients in Ngamiland and Kweneng Districts in Botswana. Data were collected through focus group discussion with care-givers, discursive interviews with professional service providers, and participant observation. The results of the study indicate that the majority of care givers received material benefits provided through the CHBC programme. However, it was clear that CHBC did not have the capacity to address other critical needs for the proper care of patients in the home. Most households studied are very poor and lack basic facilities such as toilets, basic waste receptacles and regular collection of solid waste. Access to these facilities is important for disposing of both clinical and ordinary human and solid waste from HBC patients. Poor sanitation facilities - especially the improper handling of soiled laundry and inadequate ventilation - increase risks of infection. The study recommends the formation of care-giver support groups to reduce risks associated with poorly managed clinical solid waste disposal generated from home care-giving of HIV/AIDS patients. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/952 Files in this item: 1
Phorano 2005 HIV.pdf (2.631Mb) -
Ngwenya, B.N.; Butale, B.M. (Botswana Society, NaN, 2005)[more][less]
Abstract: Home care involves the transfer of a patient’s medical supervision from a formal institution to a family setting in the context of a community. The aim of this paper is to assess the resource capacity of families to provide immediate home care to HIV/AIDS related chronically or terminally ill member/s in Maun in Ngamiland District. Data for the study was obtained through cross-sectional interviews with 61 care-givers. Ethnographic methods were also used: these included informal interviews with key informants, unobtrusive participant observation, and narratives of individual and family life experiences. Data collection focused on assessing family resource capacity to access three forms of capital, namely social, productive and produced. Issue focus analysis on qualitative data, and descriptive frequencies and cross-tabulations on quantitative data were carried out. Generally, care-givers reported receiving non-material support from multiple sources. These included moral support from close family members, especially their own children, siblings, parents and spouses, and less from parents’ in-law and their extended family. The threshold of care-giving resource demands could either fragment the family unit, on precipitate ‘enclave-like’ or ‘disengaged’ co-existence or passive aggression. On the other hand, caregiving resource demands may enhance mutual obligation and shared responsibility among family members. A high level of tolerability tends to reduce vulnerability and facilitate pooling limited resources in ways that enhance family capacity. Conversely, adversarial intra-family relations compromise the ability of a family to mobilize its resources. About 70% of care-givers were dependent on non-farming activities as their source of livelihood. Care-giving depletes family resources, including the abandonment of income generating activities. About 81% of care-givers said that they could not do anything to recover or reverse the loss. Access to produced capital such as telecommunication infrastructure is important in terms of the dissemination of public education information aimed at helping reduce risks and the prevention of infection. A significant proportion of care-givers had access to a radio (60%) and cell-phone (48%). The paper ends with some policy recommendations. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/953 Files in this item: 1
Ngwenya 2005 AIDS.pdf (3.334Mb) -
Onyewadume, M.A. (Springer Netherlands, http://www.springerlink.com, September NaN, 2008)[more][less]
Abstract: This research investigated the incidence of HIV/AIDS anxiety among students in Botswana. The sample comprised 240 randomly selected students from six schools in three districts in Botswana, with data collected via a questionnaire. Percentages and Chi-square were used to analyze the extent to which the students were anxious about HIV/AIDS and if there was a significant gender difference in this regard. Findings showed that the students were anxious on several fronts about HIV/AIDS; specifically that they and their relations might contract the virus and that they might lose family members. There was gender difference in terms of anxiety about the possibility that relations might become infected. The role of the counsellor in reducing HIV/AIDS anxiety among students in communities living with HIV/AIDS is discussed. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/802 Files in this item: 1
Onyewadume_IJAC_2008.pdf (781.9Kb) -
Mutanyatta, J.; Matapa, B.; Shushu, D.; Abegaz, B. (Elsevier Ltd. www.elsevier.com/locate/phytochem, NaN, 2002)[more][less]
Abstract: Eleven homoisoflavonoids and two xanthones were isolated and characterized from the bulbs of Ledebouria graminifolia. Five of the homoisoflavonoids are new compounds and were identified as: 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(40-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone, 5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy-3-(40-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone, 5,7,8-trimethoxy-3-(40-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone, 5-hydroxy- 30,40,7-trimethoxyspiro{2H-1-benzopyran-70-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa[1,3,5]-trien}-4-one, 5,7-dihydroxy-30,40-dimethoxyspiro{2H-1-benzopyran- 70-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa[1,3,5]-trien}-4-one. Structures were elucidated by extensive 1D, and 2D NMR spectroscopy and HRMS. A method for tissue culture was developed and the bulbs of mature plants were found to contain all the compounds isolated from the wild specimens of L. graminifolia. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/249 Files in this item: 2
license.txt (1.998Kb) -
Gatsinzi, J-B. (International Press; http://www.intlpress.com/HHA/, NaN, 2004)[more][less]
Abstract: In this paper, we show that the rational homotopy Lie algebra of classifying spaces for certain types of hyperbolic coformal 2-cones is not nilpotent. Description: Copyright of International Press. http://www.intlpress.com/ URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/183 Files in this item: 2
license.txt (1.998Kb)Microsoft Word - Gatsinzi 2004.pdf (611.5Kb) -
Nnyepi, M.S. (Academic Journals. http://www.academicjournals.org, February NaN, 2007)[more][less]
Abstract: Access to primary health care can improve the nutritional status and survival of preschool children. The effect of the universal provision of primary health care in Botswana on the prevalence, types, and determinants of malnutrition in preschool children is unclear. 522 children 0 - 5 years old from 12 clinics in the greater Gaborone area were studied to address this gap. Children’s weights and heights were measured. Birth weights, age, sex, household’s socio-economic factors, children’s illness status and services sought at the clinics were obtained through care giver interviews and confirmed by the data in the health cards. 11.3 and 13.7% of children were stunted and wasted, respectively. Stunting and wasting ranged from 9.1 and 3.6% in middle-high income neighborhoods to 18.2 and 20.8% in low income neighborhoods, respectively. Households’ socio-economic factors were significantly associated with households’ location. Consequently, households’ location was a strong determinant of nutritional status. Children in higher income neighborhoods had better growth indicators than children in lower income neighborhoods. This was true regardless of the illness status of children and the services sought from the clinics. Therefore, where large socio-economic disparities exist, access to primary healthcare may not equitably support households in improving the nutritional status of children. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/519 Files in this item: 1
Nnyepi_SRE_2007.pdf (673.0Kb) -
Mmopelwa, G.; Kgathi, D.L.; Masamba, W.R.L.; Thukuza, A. (Botswana Society, NaN, 2005)[more][less]
Abstract: Water supply in Maun is unreliable and unpredictable, and most households experience water shortage all year round. Coping strategies for households include water storage in tanks. Water quality is also poor due to its salty taste, presence of sediments and colour. The majority of households have henceforth embarked on coping strategies such as buying bottled water. On average, households spend about P71 per month as avoidance cost. A contingent valuation method assessment was carried out and it was found that the mean maximum household’s willingness to pay for a water quality improvement fund was P55 per month. Chemical analysis carried out on water samples from the study area confirm that the water has high electrical conductivity, sediments, colour, and iron and manganese levels. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/938 Files in this item: 1
Mmopelwa 2005 House.pdf (1.540Mb) -
Mogalakwe, M. (Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, http://www.codesria.org/?lang=en, NaN, 2006)[more][less]
Abstract: Britain declared Bechuanaland a 'protectorate' in 1885 in a move largely driven by military strategic considerations rather than by the availability of economic resources. This can give the impression that in Botswana the process of economic underdevelopment, that is often associated with colonialism, never took place in this British 'protectorate'. This article reveals that even in the so-called 'protectorate', the British colonial state policies subverted indigenous economic interests and stifled opportunites for indigenous private capital accumulation, while actively promoting the economic interests of a small white settler capitalist class. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/652 Files in this item: 1
Mogalakwe_AD_2006.pdf (1.331Mb) -
Pansiri, J. (WileyInterscience, www.wileyinterscience.com, NaN, 2007)[more][less]
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of company executive characteristics in strategic alliance formation in the tourism sector of travel. A survey of Australian travel sector businesses was carried out and the result indicate a high level of interaction through alliances between various sectors of the Australian tourism industry. Top managers' characteristics (experience, ownership,and risk taking attitude)were found to be influential in taking strategic decisions of whether to form alliances or not. These characteristics do not play an important role in determining the number of alliances an organisation has and their geographical location, as much as company characteristics do. The findings of this paper imply that company characteristics are important in determining alliance formation. Managers should thoroughly consider these characteristics when deciding not only to form alliances, but also the type of alliances that could help their organizations to be more competitive, give limited resources. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/821 Files in this item: 1
Pansiri_IJTR9_2007.pdf (1.900Mb) -
Monyatsi, P.P. (Kamla - Raj Enterprises, http://www.krepublishers.com, November NaN, 2008)[more][less]
Abstract: This paper argues that much as the gender mainstreaming process was a noble venture, the cross-cutting nature of the gender mainstreaming was not fully understood and appreciated by some very powerful and influential sectors and stakeholders in the religious world. In short, their belief that what has been created by God cannot be changed by man frustrates any gender mainstreaming interventions as they are above the constitutions of the states. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/637 Files in this item: 1
Monyatsi_JSS_2008.pdf (1.317Mb) -
Onibere, E.A.; Morgan, S.; Busang, E.M.; Mpoeleng, D. (Elsevier Science Ltd, www.elsevier.com/locate/intcom, NaN, 2001)[more][less]
Abstract: This paper reports on research carried out to determine whether a localised interface is preferred by users in a multi-cultural and multi-lingual country where a non-local language is nationally used,. We attempted to discover whether local symbols are more acceptable to users as icons and also whether the current phrases used in menus and icon descriptions are clearly understood by the various communities. A survey was conducted nation-wide among computer end-users in Botswana. The results indicate an overwhelming desire from users for a localised interface. However, there appears to be little need for localised icons and no agreement as to which language to use for text-based interfaces. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/887 Files in this item: 1
Mpoeleng_IC_2001.pdf (1.247Mb) -
Ngowi, A.B. (Taylor and Francis, http://www.pdfserve.informaworld.com/940578_73138570, NaN, 1997)[more][less]
Abstract: This paper examines the strategy of employing a hybrid combination of indigenous and modern housing construction technologies. Using a Botswana village as a case study, this paper examines four traditional house types in relation to the household income, skills, materials and aspects which could be improved by adapting industrialized methods. Using experimental houses, the case study provides the costs, benefits, potential problems and implementation considerations. The paper discusses the weaknesses and virtues of traditional construction technologies, how appropriate aspects from modern technologies can be incorporated or adapted into traditional methods and the implications for developing appropriate, affordable housing technologies URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/370 Files in this item: 1
Ngowi_1997_BRI.pdf (800.7Kb) -
Nkoane, B.B.M.; Sawula, G.M.; Wibetoe, G.; Lund, W. (Elsevier www.elsevier.com/locate/jgeoexp, NaN, 2005)[more][less]
Abstract: Plant species that accumulate high levels of metals in proportion to the metal content in the soil are of considerable interest in biogeochemical and biogeobotanical prospecting. This study was aimed at investigating copper and nickel accumulation in the plants Helichrysum candolleanum and Blepharis diversispina, to assess their potential use as mineral indicators in biogeochemical prospecting. Soils and plants were collected from copper–nickel mineralised areas in Botswana. Analyses of the soils and the respective plant parts (roots, stem, leaves and flowers) were carried out using ultrasonic slurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), which allowed rapid determination of copper and nickel in small amounts of the samples. The metal concentration in the soil was in the range c40 Ag/g–4% (w/w) for Cu and c60 Ag/g–0.3% (w/w) for Ni. The concentration ranges of the elements in the plant parts were c6 Ag/g–0.2% Cu and c3–210 Ag/g Ni. At high soil metal content (greater than 2.5% (w/w) Cu and 0.1% (w/w) Ni), high levels of both nickel and copper were found in the shoots (leaves and flowers) of H. candolleanum. Concentrations as high as 0.2% (w/w) Cu were found in the leaves and flowers of H. candolleanum, indicating hyperaccumulation for this plant. For B. diversispina, the metal concentrations did not exceed 100 Ag/ g for any plant part, for both metals. Both plant species tolerate high concentrations of metals and should therefore be categorized as metallophytes. In order to evaluate metal translocation from the soil to the shoots, metal leaf transfer coefficients (ratio of metal concentration in the leaf to metal concentration in the soil) were calculated. Our data suggest that the two plant species have different metal uptake and transport mechanisms, which needs to be investigated further. The present work also suggests that H. candolleanum may be used as a copper/nickel indicator plant in biogeochemical or biogeobotanical prospecting. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/527 Files in this item: 1
NKOANE2005Indicatorplants.pdf (1.835Mb) -
Sabone, M.B. (Sage Publications, http://jfn.sagepub.com, NaN, 2008)[more][less]
Abstract: This report is part of a larger study that investigated the relationships between illness demands, marital support, and psychological adjustment in the context of diabetes mellitus in rural and urban middle-aged marital couples in Botswana. Ninety-six persons experiencing diabetes and 87 of their spouses participated in the study. This report is based on data from 87 diabetic patients and their spouses. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews. Patients and their spouses were interviewed separately. Three open-ended questions elicited participants’ personal experiences of illness demands. The couple participants reported many challenging illness experiences associated with the illness and contextual factors that influenced their perception about the burden of illness and reported that the illness experienced was often a growth-enhancing and maturing process. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/990 Files in this item: 1
Sabone_JFN_2008.pdf (1.169Mb) -
Togarasei, L. (Edinburgh University Press, http://www.euppublishing.com/, NaN, 2007)[more][less]
Abstract: This study seeks to find out what has attracted women to Christianity. In particular, it seeks to find out the existential circumstances and needs of the Harare Christian women that have led them to be attracted to Jesus. What are their images of Jesus Christ, and how do these fulfill their existential needs and aspirations? In apartheid South Africa and the black American movement, for example, Christ was seen as liberator. Who is Jesus Christ then for the Harare Christian women? To address these questions, the paper is divided into three sections. The first section provides a brief discussion of Chriscology in the New Testament. This is done to show that even the Christology of the New Testament communities was influenced by their existential needs. A second section, which gives a general overview of African Christology, follows this. The third section then focuses on the Christology of Harare women. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/593 Files in this item: 1
Togarasei_SWC_2007.pdf (515.9Kb) -
Ama, N.O.; Oucho, J.O. (Medical and Pharmaceutical Publications, NaN, 2009)[more][less]
Abstract: Background: The healthcare of Batswana (citizens of Botswana) as indicated in the country’s Vision 2016 is one of the top priorities of the government of Botswana, yet Botswana’s National Health Policy, the Immigration Policy and the National Sexual and Reproductive Health Programme Framework all are silent on the obligations of the government to provide health services to the immigrant and refugee population. In view of the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Botswana, South Africa and other sub-Saharan countries, it is critical that reproductive health services be as affordable and accessible for the immigrants and refugees as they are for other residents in Botswana. This study measured the views of the primary healthcare providers in Botswana on the perceived reproductive health needs of immigrants and refugees and the availability and accessibility of reproductive healthcare services to the immigrant and refugee populations in the country. This information will be important for policy makers, the government of Botswana and the private sector to shape intervention measures to assist immigrants and refugees in seeking and accessing the desired reproductive health services. Methods: The study targeted all 4 667 medical doctors and nurses who were serving in various hospitals and clinics in 23 health districts of Botswana as at June 2005 when this study was conducted. Using NCS Pearson statistical software, the sample size for the study was determined to be 851. This estimated sample size was allocated to the 23 health districts (strata) using probability proportional to size (PPS). Having obtained the sample size for each district, the healthcare providers to be interviewed from each health district were selected randomly and in proportion to the number of doctors and nurses in each district. Questionnaires were administered to these healthcare providers by research assistants who explained the purpose of the study and obtained informed consent. The questionnaires were coded to ensure the anonymity of the respondents. It contained questions about the healthcare providers’ demographic characteristics, their opinions on the reproductive health needs of immigrants and refugees, and their views on factors that influence the accessibility of these services to immigrants and refugees. Data were collected from 678 doctors and nurses(about 80% of the targeted sample). Results: The majority of the healthcare providers indicated that the most important reproductive health needs of the immigrants and refugees, namely pregnancy-related services (prenatal, obstetrics, postnatal conditions), treatment for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS treatment and counselling and family planning were not different from those of the locals. However, some major differences noted between the local population and the foreigners were (i) that antiretroviral (ARV) treatment and prevention of mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT) programmes were never accessible to the non-citizens; and (ii) that while treatments and other health services were free to Batswana, a fee was charged to non-citizens. Although 86% of the 21 studied reproductive health services were available in the healthcare system more than 50% of the time, only 62% of them were accessible to the immigrants and refugees 50% of the time. The major reasons for inability to access these services were: (i) The immigrants and refugees have to pay higher fees to access the reproductive health services; (ii) Once an immigrant or refugee is identified as HIV positive, there are no further follow-ups on the patient such as detecting the immune status using a CD4 count or testing the viral load; (iii) The immigrants and refugees do not have referral rights to referral clinics/hospitals for follow-ups in case of certain health conditions; and (iv) The immigrants and refugees are required to join a medical aid scheme to help offset part of the costs for the desired services. Conclusions: The study recommended that the government of Botswana should improve the availability of reproductive health services to immigrants and refugees, and expunge those laws and practices that make it difficult for immigrants and refugees to access the available reproductive health services. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10311/1070 Files in this item: 1
Ama_SAFP_2009.pdf (664.2Kb)